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- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Colombia
- Geography
-
-
- Location:
- Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Panama and
- Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Ecuador and Panama
- Map references:
- South America
- Area:
- total area:
- 1,138,910 sq km
- land area:
- 1,038,700 sq km
- comparative area:
- slightly less than three times the size of Montana
- note:
- includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and Serranilla Bank
- Land boundaries:
- total 7,408 km, Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km, Peru 2,900
- km, Venezuela 2,050 km
- Coastline:
- 3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)
- Maritime claims:
- continental shelf:
- 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
- exclusive economic zone:
- 200 nm
- territorial sea:
- 12 nm
- International disputes:
- maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela;
- territorial dispute with Nicaragua over Archipelago de San Andres y
- Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank
- Climate:
- tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
- Terrain:
- flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes Mountains, eastern
- lowland plains
- Natural resources:
- petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds
- Land use:
- arable land:
- 4%
- permanent crops:
- 2%
- meadows and pastures:
- 29%
- forest and woodland:
- 49%
- other:
- 16%
- Irrigated land:
- 5,150 sq km (1989 est.)
- Environment:
- current issues:
- deforestation; soil damage from overuse of pesticides; air pollution,
- especially in Bogota, from vehicle emissions
- natural hazards:
- highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic
- droughts
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Colombia
- Geography
- international agreements:
- party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Endangered Species, Marine Life
- Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
- Tropical Timber 83; signed, but not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental
- Protocol, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
- Marine Dumping
- Note:
- only South American country with coastlines on both North Pacific Ocean and
- Caribbean Sea
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Colombia
- People
-
-
- Population:
- 36,200,251 (July 1995 est.)
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years:
- 32% (female 5,784,010; male 5,925,600)
- 15-64 years:
- 63% (female 11,642,870; male 11,245,235)
- 65 years and over:
- 5% (female 888,358; male 714,178) (July 1995 est.)
- Population growth rate:
- 1.7% (1995 est.)
- Birth rate:
- 21.89 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Death rate:
- 4.69 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Net migration rate:
- -0.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Infant mortality rate:
- 26.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth:
- total population:
- 72.48 years
- male:
- 69.68 years
- female:
- 75.38 years (1995 est.)
- Total fertility rate:
- 2.4 children born/woman (1995 est.)
- Nationality:
- noun:
- Colombian(s)
- adjective:
- Colombian
- Ethnic divisions:
- mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Indian 3%, Indian
- 1%
- Religions:
- Roman Catholic 95%
- Languages:
- Spanish
- Literacy:
- age 15 and over can read and write (1985)
- total population:
- 88%
- male:
- 88%
- female:
- 88%
- Labor force:
- 12 million (1990)
- by occupation:
- services 46%, agriculture 30%, industry 24% (1990)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Colombia
- Government
-
-
- Names:
- conventional long form:
- Republic of Colombia
- conventional short form:
- Colombia
- local long form:
- Republica de Colombia
- local short form:
- Colombia
- Digraph:
- CO
- Type:
- republic; executive branch dominates government structure
- Capital:
- Bogota
- Administrative divisions:
- 32 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital
- district* (distrito capital); Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlantico,
- Bogota*, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco,
- Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena,
- Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y
- Providencia, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes, Vichada
- Independence:
- 20 July 1810 (from Spain)
- National holiday:
- Independence Day, 20 July (1810)
- Constitution:
- 5 July 1991
- Legal system:
- based on Spanish law; a new criminal code modeled after US procedures was
- enacted in 1992-93; judicial review of executive and legislative acts;
- accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
- Suffrage:
- 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
- Executive branch:
- chief of state and head of government:
- President Ernesto SAMPER Pizano (since 7 August 1994); election last held
- 29 May 1994 (next to be held May 1998) and resulted in no candidate
- receiving more than 50% of the total vote; a run-off election to select a
- president from the two leading candidates was held on 19 June 1994; results
- - Ernesto SAMPER Pizano (Liberal Party) 50.4%, Andres PASTRANA Arango
- (Conservative Party) 48.6%, blank votes 1%; Humberto de la CALLE was elected
- vice president in a new proceedure that replaces the traditional designation
- of vice presidents by newly elected presidents.
- cabinet:
- Cabinet
- Legislative branch:
- bicameral Congress (Congreso)
- Senate (Senado):
- elections last held 13 March 1994 (next to be held NA March 1998);
- preliminary results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (102 total)
- Liberal Party 59, conservatives (includes PC, MSN, and NDF) 31, other 12
- House of Representatives (Camara de Representantes):
- elections last held 13 March 1994 (next to be held NA March 1998);
- preliminary results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (161 total)
- Liberal Party 89, conservatives (includes PC, MSN, and NDF) 53, AD/M-19 2,
- other 17
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Colombia
- Government
- Judicial branch:
- Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justical), Constitutional Court,
- Council of State
- Political parties and leaders:
- Liberal Party (PL), Juan Guillermo ANGEL; Conservative Party (PC), Fabio
- VALENCIA Cossio; National Salvation Movement (MSN), Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado;
- New Democratic Force (NDF), Andres PASTRANA Arango; Democratic Alliance M-19
- (AD/M-19) is a coalition of small leftist parties and dissident liberals and
- conservatives; Patriotic Union (UP) is a legal political party formed by
- Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and Colombian Communist Party
- (PCC), Carlos ROMERO
- Other political or pressure groups:
- three insurgent groups are active in Colombia - Revolutionary Armed Forces
- of Colombia (FARC), Manuel MARULANDA and Alfonso CANO; National Liberation
- Army (ELN), Manuel PEREZ; and dissidents of the recently demobilized
- People's Liberation Army (EPL), Francisco CARABALLO; Francisco CARABALLO was
- captured by the government in June 1994
- Member of:
- AG, CCC, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
- ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
- INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS, ONUSAL,
- OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UNU, UPU, WCL,
- WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
- Diplomatic representation in US:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Carlos LLERAS de la Fuente
- chancery:
- 2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 387-8338
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 232-8643
- consulate(s) general:
- Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San
- Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico), and Washington, DC
- consulate(s):
- Atlanta and Tampa
- US diplomatic representation:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Myles R. R. FRECHETTE
- embassy:
- Calle 38, No. 8-61, Bogota
- mailing address:
- Apartado Aereo 3831, Bogota; APO AA 34038
- telephone:
- [57] (1) 320-1300
- FAX:
- [57] (1) 288-5687
- consulate(s):
- Barranquilla
- Flag:
- three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; similar
- to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of
- arms superimposed in the center
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Colombia
- Economy
-
-
- Overview:
- Colombia's economy has grown steadily since 1991, when the government
- implemented sweeping economic reform measures. President SAMPER, who took
- office in August 1994, has pledged to maintain those reforms while expanding
- government assistance for poor Colombians, who continue to make up about 40%
- of the population. In an effort to bring down inflation, SAMPER has arranged
- a "social pact" with business and labor to curtail price hikes and trim
- inflation to 18%. The rapid development of oil, coal, and other
- nontraditional industries, along with copious inflows of capital and
- strengthening of prices for coffee, have helped keep growth at 5%-6%.
- Development of the massive Cusiana oilfield provides the means to sustain
- this level over the next several years. Exporters say, however, that their
- sales have been hampered by the appreciation of the Colombian peso, and
- farmers have sought government help in adjusting to greater foreign
- competition. Moreover, increased foreign investment and even greater
- domestic growth have been hindered by an inadequate energy and
- transportation infrastructure and by violence stemming from drug trafficking
- and persistent rural insurgency.
- National product:
- GDP - purchasing power parity - $172.4 billion (1994 est.)
- National product real growth rate:
- 5.7% (1994 est.)
- National product per capita:
- $4,850 (1994 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices):
- 22.6% (1994 est.)
- Unemployment rate:
- 7.9% (1994 est.)
- Budget:
- revenues:
- $16 billion (1995 est.)
- expenditures:
- $21 billion (1995 est.)
- Exports:
- $8.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
- commodities:
- petroleum, coffee, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers
- partners:
- US 39%, EC 25.7%, Japan 2.9%, Venezuela 8.5% (1992)
- Imports:
- $10.6 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.)
- commodities:
- industrial equipment, transportation equipment, consumer goods, chemicals,
- paper products
- partners:
- US 36%, EC 18%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 6.5%, Japan 8.7% (1992)
- External debt:
- $12.6 billion (1994 est.)
- Industrial production:
- growth rate 5% (1994 est.); accounts for about 20% of GDP
- Electricity:
- capacity:
- 10,220,000 kW
- production:
- 33 billion kWh
- consumption per capita:
- 890 kWh (1993)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Colombia
- Economy
- Industries:
- textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals,
- metal products, cement; mining - gold, coal, emeralds, iron, nickel, silver,
- salt
- Agriculture:
- growth rate 3.8% (1994 est.); accounts for about 15% of GDP; crops make up
- two-thirds and livestock one-third of agricultural output; climate and soils
- permit a wide variety of crops, such as coffee, rice, tobacco, corn,
- sugarcane, cocoa beans, oilseeds, vegetables; forest products and shrimp
- farming are becoming more important
- Illicit drugs:
- illicit producer of coca, opium poppies, and cannabis; about 45,000 hectares
- of coca under cultivation; the world's largest processor of coca derivatives
- into cocaine; supplier of cocaine to the US and other international drug
- markets; active eradication program against narcotics crop
- Economic aid:
- recipient:
- US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.6 billion; Western (non-US)
- countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.3 billion;
- Communist countries (1970-89), $399 million
- Currency:
- 1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos
- Exchange rates:
- Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1 - 846.67 (January 1995), 844.84 (1994),
- 863.06 (1993), 759.28 (1992), 633.05 (1991), 502.26 (1990)
- Fiscal year:
- calendar year
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Colombia
- Transportation
-
-
- Railroads:
- total:
- 3,386 km
- standard gauge:
- 150 km 1.435-m gauge
- narrow gauge:
- 3,236 km 0.914-m gauge (2,611 km in use)
- Highways:
- total:
- 107,377 km (1991)
- paved:
- 12,778 km
- unpaved:
- gravel/earth 94,599 km
- Inland waterways:
- 14,300 km, navigable by river boats
- Pipelines:
- crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural gas 830 km; natural
- gas liquids 125 km
- Ports:
- Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Leticia, Puerto Bolivar, San Andres,
- Santa Marta, Tumaco, Turbo
- Merchant marine:
- total:
- 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 104,577 GRT/142,617 DWT
- ships by type:
- bulk 6, cargo 9, container 4, oil tanker 3
- Airports:
- total:
- 1,307
- with paved runways over 3,047 m:
- 2
- with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
- 7
- with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:
- 34
- with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 31
- with paved runways under 914 m:
- 734
- with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m:
- 80
- with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 419
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Colombia
- Communications
-
-
- Telephone system:
- 1,890,000 telephones; modern system in many respects
- local:
- NA
- intercity:
- nationwide microwave radio relay system; 11 domestic earth stations
- international:
- 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations
- Radio:
- broadcast stations:
- AM 413, FM 0, shortwave 28
- radios:
- NA
- Television:
- broadcast stations:
- 33
- televisions:
- NA
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Colombia
- Defense Forces
-
-
- Branches:
- Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional, includes Marines and Coast
- Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Colombiana), National Police (Policia
- Nacional)
- Manpower availability:
- males age 15-49 9,851,980; males fit for military service 6,640,348; males
- reach military age (18) annually 349,599 (1995 est.)
- Defense expenditures:
- exchange rate conversion - $1.2 billion (1992 est.)
-